International journal of Education, Technology and Social Sciences

India’s physical geography plays a decisive role in shaping its highly diverse and regionally differentiated climate patterns. This study examines how major physiographic elements—such as the Himalayas, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, coastal plains, and surrounding oceans interact with atmospheric processes to regulate temperature, precipitation, and wind systems across the subcontinent. Special attention is given to orographic controls on rainfall, land–sea thermal contrasts, and the modulation of monsoonal circulation by terrain configuration. The analysis highlights how mountain barriers influence moisture transport, how plateaus and plains modify surface heat fluxes, and how coastal and island systems interact with ocean–atmosphere dynamics, including cyclones and monsoon variability. In addition, the study situates regional climate patterns within broader oceanic influences such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole. By synthesizing geomorphological, climatic, and atmospheric perspectives, the paper underscores the central importance of physical geography in producing India’s spatial climate variability. The findings contribute to a deeper theoretical understanding of land–atmosphere interactions and provide a foundation for interpreting contemporary climate variability and long-term climatic responses across different regions of India.